Links Top Level Elements Executors Connectors Containers Nested Components Cluster Elements Other | The Realm Component| Introduction |
A Realm element represents a "database" of usernames,
passwords, and roles (similar to Unix groups) assigned
to those users. Different implementations of Realm allow Catalina to be
integrated into environments where such authentication information is already
being created and maintained, and then utilize that information to implement
Container Managed Security as described in the Servlet
Specification.
You may nest a Realm inside any Catalina container
Engine, Host, or
Context). In addition, Realms associated with
an Engine or a Host are automatically inherited by lower-level
containers, unless explicitly overridden.
For more in-depth information about container managed security in web
applications, as well as more information on configuring and using the
standard realm component implementations, please see the
Container-Managed Security Guide.
The description below uses the variable name $CATALINA_BASE to refer the
base directory against which most relative paths are resolved. If you have
not configured Tomcat for multiple instances by setting a CATALINA_BASE
directory, then $CATALINA_BASE will be set to the value of $CATALINA_HOME,
the directory into which you have installed Tomcat.
|
| Attributes |
| Common Attributes |
All implementations of Realm
support the following attributes:
| Attribute | Description |
|---|
className |
Java class name of the implementation to use. This class must
implement the org.apache.catalina.Realm interface.
|
Unlike most Catalina components, there are several standard
Realm implementations available. As a result,
the className attribute MUST be used to select the
implementation you wish to use.
|
| JDBC Database Realm - org.apache.catalina.realm.JDBCRealm |
The JDBC Database Realm connects Tomcat to
a relational database, accessed through an appropriate JDBC driver,
to perform lookups of usernames, passwords, and their associated
roles. Because the lookup is done each time that it is required,
changes to the database will be immediately reflected in the
information used to authenticate new logins.
A rich set of additional attributes lets you configure the required
connection to the underlying database, as well as the table and
column names used to retrieve the required information:
| Attribute | Description |
|---|
allRolesMode |
This attribute controls how the special role name * is
handled when processing authorization constraints in web.xml. By
default, the specification compliant value of strict is
used which means that the user must be assigned one of the roles defined
in web.xml. The alternative values are authOnly which means
that the user must be authenticated but no check is made for assigned
roles and strictAuthOnly which means that the user must be
authenticated and no check will be made for assigned roles unless roles
are defined in web.xml in which case the user must be assigned at least
one of those roles.
When this attribute has the value of authOnly or
strictAuthOnly, the roleNameCol and
userRoleTable attributes become optional. If those two
attributes are omitted, the user's roles will not be loaded by this
Realm.
| connectionName |
The database username to use when establishing the JDBC
connection.
| connectionPassword |
The database password to use when establishing the JDBC
connection.
| connectionURL |
The connection URL to be passed to the JDBC driver when
establishing a database connection.
| digest |
The name of the MessageDigest algorithm used
to encode user passwords stored in the database. If not specified,
user passwords are assumed to be stored in clear-text.
| digestEncoding |
The charset for encoding digests. If not specified, the platform
default will be used.
| driverName |
Fully qualified Java class name of the JDBC driver to be
used to connect to the authentication database.
| roleNameCol |
Name of the column, in the "user roles" table, which contains
a role name assigned to the corresponding user.
This attribute is required in majority of
configurations. See allRolesMode attribute for
a rare case when it can be omitted.
| stripRealmForGss |
When processing users authenticated via the GSS-API, this attribute
controls if any "@..." is removed from the end of the user
name. If not specified, the default is true.
| userCredCol |
Name of the column, in the "users" table, which contains
the user's credentials (i.e. password). If a value for the
digest attribute is specified, this component
will assume that the passwords have been encoded with the
specified algorithm. Otherwise, they will be assumed to be
in clear text.
| userNameCol |
Name of the column, in the "users" and "user roles" table,
that contains the user's username.
| userRoleTable |
Name of the "user roles" table, which must contain columns
named by the userNameCol and roleNameCol
attributes.
This attribute is required in majority of
configurations. See allRolesMode attribute for
a rare case when it can be omitted.
| userTable |
Name of the "users" table, which must contain columns named
by the userNameCol and userCredCol
attributes.
| X509UsernameRetrieverClassName |
When using X509 client certificates, this specifies the class name
that will be used to retrieve the user name from the certificate.
The class must implement the
org.apache.catalina.realm.X509UsernameRetriever
interface. The default is to use the certificate's SubjectDN
as the username.
|
See the Container-Managed Security Guide for more
information on setting up container managed security using the
JDBC Database Realm component.
|
| DataSource Database Realm - org.apache.catalina.realm.DataSourceRealm |
The DataSource Database Realm connects Tomcat to
a relational database, accessed through a JNDI named JDBC DataSource
to perform lookups of usernames, passwords, and their associated
roles. Because the lookup is done each time that it is required,
changes to the database will be immediately reflected in the
information used to authenticate new logins.
The JDBC Realm uses a single db connection. This requires that
realm based authentication be synchronized, i.e. only one authentication
can be done at a time. This could be a bottleneck for applications
with high volumes of realm based authentications.
The DataSource Database Realm supports simultaneous realm based
authentications and allows the underlying JDBC DataSource to
handle optimizations like database connection pooling.
A rich set of additional attributes lets you configure the name
of the JNDI JDBC DataSource, as well as the table and
column names used to retrieve the required information:
| Attribute | Description |
|---|
allRolesMode |
This attribute controls how the special role name * is
handled when processing authorization constraints in web.xml. By
default, the specification compliant value of strict is
used which means that the user must be assigned one of the roles defined
in web.xml. The alternative values are authOnly which means
that the user must be authenticated but no check is made for assigned
roles and strictAuthOnly which means that the user must be
authenticated and no check will be made for assigned roles unless roles
are defined in web.xml in which case the user must be assigned at least
one of those roles.
When this attribute has the value of authOnly or
strictAuthOnly, the roleNameCol and
userRoleTable attributes become optional. If those two
attributes are omitted, the user's roles will not be loaded by this
Realm.
| dataSourceName |
The name of the JNDI JDBC DataSource for this Realm.
| digest |
The name of the MessageDigest algorithm used
to encode user passwords stored in the database. If not specified,
user passwords are assumed to be stored in clear-text.
| localDataSource |
When the realm is nested inside a Context element, this allows the
realm to use a DataSource defined for the Context rather than a global
DataSource. If not specified, the default is false: use a
global DataSource.
| roleNameCol |
Name of the column, in the "user roles" table, which contains
a role name assigned to the corresponding user.
This attribute is required in majority of
configurations. See allRolesMode attribute for
a rare case when it can be omitted.
| stripRealmForGss |
When processing users authenticated via the GSS-API, this attribute
controls if any "@..." is removed from the end of the user
name. If not specified, the default is true.
| userCredCol |
Name of the column, in the "users" table, which contains
the user's credentials (i.e. password). If a value for the
digest attribute is specified, this component
will assume that the passwords have been encoded with the
specified algorithm. Otherwise, they will be assumed to be
in clear text.
| userNameCol |
Name of the column, in the "users" and "user roles" table,
that contains the user's username.
| userRoleTable |
Name of the "user roles" table, which must contain columns
named by the userNameCol and roleNameCol
attributes.
This attribute is required in majority of
configurations. See allRolesMode attribute for
a rare case when it can be omitted.
| userTable |
Name of the "users" table, which must contain columns named
by the userNameCol and userCredCol
attributes.
| X509UsernameRetrieverClassName |
When using X509 client certificates, this specifies the class name
that will be used to retrieve the user name from the certificate.
The class must implement the
org.apache.catalina.realm.X509UsernameRetriever
interface. The default is to use the certificate's SubjectDN
as the username.
|
See the
DataSource Realm HOW-TO for more information on setting up container
managed security using the DataSource Database Realm component.
|
| JNDI Directory Realm - org.apache.catalina.realm.JNDIRealm |
The JNDI Directory Realm connects Tomcat to
an LDAP Directory, accessed through an appropriate JNDI driver,
that stores usernames, passwords, and their associated
roles. Changes to the directory are immediately reflected in the
information used to authenticate new logins.
The directory realm supports a variety of approaches to using
LDAP for authentication:
- The realm can either use a pattern to determine the
distinguished name (DN) of the user's directory entry, or search
the directory to locate that entry.
- The realm can authenticate the user either by binding to the
directory with the DN of the user's entry and the password
presented by the user, or by retrieving the password from the
user's entry and performing a comparison locally.
- Roles may be represented in the directory as explicit entries
found by a directory search (e.g. group entries of which the user
is a member), as the values of an attribute in the user's entry,
or both.
A rich set of additional attributes lets you configure the
required behaviour as well as the connection to the underlying
directory and the element and attribute names used to retrieve
information from the directory:
| Attribute | Description |
|---|
adCompat |
Microsoft Active Directory often returns referrals.
When iterating over NamingEnumerations these lead to
PartialResultExceptions. If you want us to ignore those exceptions,
set this attribute to "true". Unfortunately there's no stable way
to detect, if the Exceptions really come from an AD referral.
The default value is "false".
| allRolesMode |
This attribute controls how the special role name * is
handled when processing authorization constraints in web.xml. By
default, the specification compliant value of strict is
used which means that the user must be assigned one of the roles defined
in web.xml. The alternative values are authOnly which means
that the user must be authenticated but no check is made for assigned
roles and strictAuthOnly which means that the user must be
authenticated and no check will be made for assigned roles unless roles
are defined in web.xml in which case the user must be assigned at least
one of those roles.
| alternateURL |
If a socket connection can not be made to the provider at
the connectionURL an attempt will be made to use the
alternateURL.
| authentication |
A string specifying the type of authentication to use.
"none", "simple", "strong" or a provider specific definition
can be used. If no value is given the providers default is used.
| commonRole |
A role name assigned to each successfully authenticated user in
addition to the roles retrieved from LDAP. If not specified, only
the roles retrieved via LDAP are used.
| connectionName |
The directory username to use when establishing a
connection to the directory for LDAP search operations. If not
specified an anonymous connection is made, which is often
sufficient unless you specify the userPassword
property.
| connectionPassword |
The directory password to use when establishing a
connection to the directory for LDAP search operations. If not
specified an anonymous connection is made, which is often
sufficient unless you specify the userPassword
property.
| connectionTimeout |
The timeout in milliseconds to use when establishing the connection
to the LDAP directory. If not specified, a value of 5000 (5 seconds) is
used.
| connectionURL |
The connection URL to be passed to the JNDI driver when
establishing a connection to the directory.
| contextFactory |
Fully qualified Java class name of the factory class used
to acquire our JNDI InitialContext. By default,
assumes that the standard JNDI LDAP provider will be utilized.
| derefAliases |
A string specifying how aliases are to be dereferenced during
search operations. The allowed values are "always", "never",
"finding" and "searching". If not specified, "always" is used.
| digest |
The digest algorithm to apply to the plaintext password offered
by the user before comparing it with the value retrieved from the
directory. Valid values are those accepted for the algorithm name
by the java.security.MessageDigest class. If not
specified the plaintext password is assumed to be retrieved. Not
required unless userPassword is specified
| protocol |
A string specifying the security protocol to use. If not given
the providers default is used.
| referrals |
How do we handle JNDI referrals? Allowed values are
"ignore", "follow", or "throw" (see javax.naming.Context.REFERRAL
for more information).
Microsoft Active Directory often returns referrals.
If you need to follow them set referrals to "follow".
Caution: if your DNS is not part of AD, the LDAP client lib might try
to resolve your domain name in DNS to find another LDAP server.
| roleBase |
The base directory entry for performing role searches. If not
specified the top-level element in the directory context will be used.
If specified it may optionally include pattern replacements
"{0}".."{n}" corresponding to the name parts of the
user's distinguished name (as returned by
javax.naming.Name.get()).
| roleName |
The name of the attribute that contains role names in the
directory entries found by a role search. In addition you can
use the userRoleName property to specify the name
of an attribute, in the user's entry, containing additional
role names.
If roleName is not specified a role
search does not take place, and roles are taken only from the
user's entry.
| roleNested |
Set to true if you want to nest roles into roles.
When a role search is performed and the value of this property is
true, the search will be repeated recursively to find
all the roles that belong to the user either directly or indirectly.
If not specified, the default value of false is used.
| roleSearch |
The LDAP filter expression used for performing role
searches.
Use {0} to substitute the distinguished name (DN)
of the user, and/or {1} to substitute the username,
and/or {2} for the value of an attribute from the
user's directory entry, of the authenticated user.
The name of the attribute that provides the value for {2}
is configured by the userRoleAttribute property.
When roleNested property is true,
this filter expression will be also used to recursively search for
other roles, which indirectly belong to this user. To find the
roles that match the newly found role, the following values
are used:
{0} is substituted by the distinguished name of the newly
found role, and both {1} and {2} are
substituted by the name of the role (see the roleName
property). The userRoleAttribute property is not
applicable to this search.
If this property is not specified, a role search does not take
place and roles are taken only from the attribute in the user's entry
specified by the userRoleName property.
| roleSearchAsUser |
When searching for user roles, should the search be performed as the
user currently being authenticated? If false,
connectionName and connectionPassword will be
used if specified, else an anonymous. If not specified, the default
value of false is used. Note that when accessing the
directory using delegated credentials, this attribute is always ignored
and the search is performed using the delegated credentials.
| roleSubtree |
Set to true if you want to search the entire
subtree of the element specified by the roleBase
property for role entries associated with the user. The
default value of false causes only the top level
to be searched.
| sizeLimit |
Specifies the maximum number of records to return when using the
userSearch attribute. If not specified, the default of
0 is used which indicates no limit.
| stripRealmForGss |
When processing users authenticated via the GSS-API, this attribute
controls if any "@..." is removed from the end of the user
name. If not specified, the default is true.
| timeLimit |
Specifies the time (in milliseconds) to wait for records to be
returned when using the userSearch attribute. If not
specified, the default of 0 is used which indicates no
limit.
| useDelegatedCredential |
When the JNIRealm is used with the SPNEGO authenticator, delegated
credentials for the user may be available. If such credentials are
present, this attribute controls whether are not they are used to
connect to the directory. If not specified, the default value of
true is used.
| userBase |
The base element for user searches performed using the
userSearch expression. Not used if you are using
the userPattern expression.
| userPassword |
Name of the attribute in the user's entry containing the
user's password. If you specify this value, JNDIRealm will
bind to the directory using the values specified by
connectionName and
connectionPassword properties, and retrieve the
corresponding attribute for comparison to the value specified
by the user being authenticated. If you do
not specify this value, JNDIRealm will
attempt a simple bind to the directory using the DN of the
user's entry and the password presented by the user, with a
successful bind being interpreted as an authenticated
user.
| userPattern |
Pattern for the distinguished name (DN) of the user's
directory entry, with {0} marking where the
actual username should be inserted. You can use this property
instead of userSearch, userSubtree
and userBase when the distinguished name contains
the username and is otherwise the same for all users. Note that
when accessing the directory using delegated credentials, this
attribute is always ignored and userSearch,
userSubtree and userBase are always
used instead.
| userRoleName |
The name of an attribute in the user's directory entry
containing zero or more values for the names of roles assigned
to this user. In addition you can use the
roleName property to specify the name of an
attribute to be retrieved from individual role entries found
by searching the directory. If userRoleName is
not specified all the roles for a user derive from the role
search.
| userRoleAttribute |
The name of an attribute in the user's directory entry
containing the value that you wish to use when you search for
roles. This is especially useful for RFC 2307 where
the role memberUid can be the uid or the
uidNumber of the user. This value will be
marked as {2} in your role search filter expression.
This value will NOT be available for nested role searches.
| userSearch |
The LDAP filter expression to use when searching for a
user's directory entry, with {0} marking where
the actual username should be inserted. Use this property
(along with the userBase and
userSubtree properties) instead of
userPattern to search the directory for the
user's entry.
| userSubtree |
Set to true if you want to search the entire
subtree of the element specified by the userBase
property for the user's entry. The default value of
false causes only the top level to be searched.
Not used if you are using the userPattern
expression.
| X509UsernameRetrieverClassName |
When using X509 client certificates, this specifies the class name
that will be used to retrieve the user name from the certificate.
The class must implement the
org.apache.catalina.realm.X509UsernameRetriever
interface. The default is to use the certificate's SubjectDN
as the username.
|
See the Container-Managed Security Guide for more
information on setting up container managed security using the
JNDI Directory Realm component.
|
| UserDatabase Realm - org.apache.catalina.realm.UserDatabaseRealm |
The UserDatabase Realm is a Realm implementation
that is based on a UserDatabase resource made available through the global
JNDI resources configured for this Tomcat instance.
The UserDatabase Realm implementation supports the following
additional attributes:
| Attribute | Description |
|---|
allRolesMode |
This attribute controls how the special role name * is
handled when processing authorization constraints in web.xml. By
default, the specification compliant value of strict is
used which means that the user must be assigned one of the roles defined
in web.xml. The alternative values are authOnly which means
that the user must be authenticated but no check is made for assigned
roles and strictAuthOnly which means that the user must be
authenticated and no check will be made for assigned roles unless roles
are defined in web.xml in which case the user must be assigned at least
one of those roles.
| resourceName |
The name of the global UserDatabase resource
that this realm will use for user, password and role information.
| X509UsernameRetrieverClassName |
When using X509 client certificates, this specifies the class name
that will be used to retrieve the user name from the certificate.
The class must implement the
org.apache.catalina.realm.X509UsernameRetriever
interface. The default is to use the certificate's SubjectDN
as the username.
|
See the
Container-Managed Security Guide for more
information on setting up container managed security using the UserDatabase
Realm component and the
JNDI resources how-to for more
information on how to configure a UserDatabase resource.
|
| Memory Based Realm - org.apache.catalina.realm.MemoryRealm |
The Memory Based Realm is a simple Realm implementation
that reads user information from an XML format, and represents it as a
collection of Java objects in memory. This implementation is intended
solely to get up and running with container managed security - it is NOT
intended for production use. As such, there are no mechanisms for
updating the in-memory collection of users when the content of the
underlying data file is changed.
The Memory Based Realm implementation supports the following
additional attributes:
| Attribute | Description |
|---|
allRolesMode |
This attribute controls how the special role name * is
handled when processing authorization constraints in web.xml. By
default, the specification compliant value of strict is
used which means that the user must be assigned one of the roles defined
in web.xml. The alternative values are authOnly which means
that the user must be authenticated but no check is made for assigned
roles and strictAuthOnly which means that the user must be
authenticated and no check will be made for assigned roles unless roles
are defined in web.xml in which case the user must be assigned at least
one of those roles.
| digest |
The digest algorithm used to store passwords in non-plaintext
formats. Valid values are those accepted for the algorithm name by the
java.security.MessageDigest class. If not specified,
passwords are stored in clear text.
| pathname |
Absolute or relative (to $CATALINA_BASE) pathname to the XML file
containing our user information. See below for details on the
XML element format required. If no pathname is specified, the
default value is conf/tomcat-users.xml.
| stripRealmForGss |
When processing users authenticated via the GSS-API, this attribute
controls if any "@..." is removed from the end of the user
name. If not specified, the default is true.
| X509UsernameRetrieverClassName |
When using X509 client certificates, this specifies the class name
that will be used to retrieve the user name from the certificate.
The class must implement the
org.apache.catalina.realm.X509UsernameRetriever
interface. The default is to use the certificate's SubjectDN
as the username.
|
The XML document referenced by the pathname attribute must
conform to the following requirements:
- The root (outer) element must be
<tomcat-users>.
- Each authorized user must be represented by a single XML element
<user>, nested inside the root element.
- Each
<user> element must have the following
attributes:
- name - Username of this user (must be unique
within this file).
- password - Password of this user (in
clear text).
- roles - Comma-delimited list of the role names
assigned to this user.
See the Container-Managed Security Guide for more
information on setting up container managed security using the
Memory Based Realm component.
|
| JAAS Realm - org.apache.catalina.realm.JAASRealm |
JAASRealm is an implementation of the Tomcat
Realm interface that authenticates users through the Java
Authentication & Authorization Service (JAAS) framework which is now
provided as part of the standard J2SE API.
Using JAASRealm gives the developer the ability to combine practically
any conceivable security realm with Tomcat's CMA.
JAASRealm is prototype for Tomcat of the JAAS-based J2EE authentication
framework for J2EE v1.4, based on the JCP Specification Request
196 to enhance container-managed security and promote 'pluggable'
authentication mechanisms whose implementations would be
container-independent.
Based on the JAAS login module and principal
(see javax.security.auth.spi.LoginModule and
javax.security.Principal), you can develop your own security
mechanism or wrap another third-party mechanism for integration with the CMA
as implemented by Tomcat.
The JAAS Realm implementation supports the following additional
attributes:
| Attribute | Description |
|---|
allRolesMode |
This attribute controls how the special role name * is
handled when processing authorization constraints in web.xml. By
default, the specification compliant value of strict is
used which means that the user must be assigned one of the roles defined
in web.xml. The alternative values are authOnly which means
that the user must be authenticated but no check is made for assigned
roles and strictAuthOnly which means that the user must be
authenticated and no check will be made for assigned roles unless roles
are defined in web.xml in which case the user must be assigned at least
one of those roles.
| appName |
The name of the application as configured in your login configuration
file
(JAAS LoginConfig).
| userClassNames |
A comma-separated list of the names of the classes that you have made
for your user Principals.
| roleClassNames |
A comma-separated list of the names of the classes that you have made
for your role Principals.
| stripRealmForGss |
When processing users authenticated via the GSS-API, this attribute
controls if any "@..." is removed from the end of the user
name. If not specified, the default is true.
| useContextClassLoader |
Instructs JAASRealm to use the context class loader for loading the
user-specified LoginModule class and associated
Principal classes. The default value is true,
which is backwards-compatible with the way Tomcat 5 works. To load
classes using the container's classloader, specify
false.
| X509UsernameRetrieverClassName |
When using X509 client certificates, this specifies the class name
that will be used to retrieve the user name from the certificate.
The class must implement the
org.apache.catalina.realm.X509UsernameRetriever
interface. The default is to use the certificate's SubjectDN
as the username.
|
See the Container-Managed Security
Guide for more information on setting up container managed security
using the JAAS Realm component.
|
| Combined Realm - org.apache.catalina.realm.CombinedRealm |
CombinedRealm is an implementation of the Tomcat
Realm interface that authenticates users through one or more
sub-Realms.
Using CombinedRealm gives the developer the ability to combine multiple
Realms of the same or different types. This can be used to authenticate
against different sources, provide fall back in case one Realm fails or for
any other purpose that requires multiple Realms.
Sub-realms are defined by nesting Realm elements inside the
Realm element that defines the CombinedRealm. Authentication
will be attempted against each Realm in the order they are
listed. Authentication against any Realm will be sufficient to authenticate
the user.
The CombinedRealm implementation does not support any additional
attributes.
See the Container-Managed Security
Guide for more information on setting up container managed security
using the CombinedRealm component.
|
| LockOut Realm - org.apache.catalina.realm.LockOutRealm |
LockOutRealm is an implementation of the Tomcat
Realm interface that extends the CombinedRealm to provide lock
out functionality to provide a user lock out mechanism if there are too many
failed authentication attempts in a given period of time.
To ensure correct operation, there is a reasonable degree of
synchronization in this Realm.
This Realm does not require modification to the underlying Realms or the
associated user storage mechanisms. It achieves this by recording all failed
logins, including those for users that do not exist. To prevent a DOS by
deliberating making requests with invalid users (and hence causing this
cache to grow) the size of the list of users that have failed authentication
is limited.
Sub-realms are defined by nesting Realm elements inside the
Realm element that defines the LockOutRealm. Authentication
will be attempted against each Realm in the order they are
listed. Authentication against any Realm will be sufficient to authenticate
the user.
The LockOutRealm implementation supports the following additional
attributes.
| Attribute | Description |
|---|
cacheRemovalWarningTime |
If a failed user is removed from the cache because the cache is too
big before it has been in the cache for at least this period of time (in
seconds) a warning message will be logged. Defaults to 3600 (1 hour).
| cacheSize |
Number of users that have failed authentication to keep in cache. Over
time the cache will grow to this size and may not shrink. Defaults to
1000.
| failureCount |
The number of times in a row a user has to fail authentication to be
locked out. Defaults to 5.
| lockOutTime |
The time (in seconds) a user is locked out for after too many
authentication failures. Defaults to 300 (5 minutes).
|
See the Container-Managed Security
Guide for more information on setting up container managed security
using the LockOutRealm component.
|
|
| Nested Components |
CombinedRealm Implementation
If you are using the CombinedRealm Implementation or a Realm
that extends the CombinedRealm, e.g. the LockOutRealm,
<Realm> elements may be nested inside it.
Other Realm Implementations
No other Realm implementation supports nested components.
|
|
